RAID ( Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

RAID Defined
RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. RAID is a method of combining several hard drives into one unit. It offers fault tolerance and higher throughput levels than a single hard drive or group of independent hard drives. RAID levels 0,1, 10 and 5 are the most popular.
The acronym RAID, originally coined at UC-Berkeley in 1987, stood for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks.

RAID Configurations

RAID 0 splits data across drives, resulting in higher data throughput. The performance of this configuration is extremely high, but a loss of any drive in the array will result in data loss. This level is commonly referred to as striping. Minimum number of drives required: 2 Performance: High Redundancy: Low Efficiency: High Advantages: High performance Easy to implement Highly efficient (no parity overhead) Disadvantages: No redundancy Limited business use cases due to no fault tolerance ---------------------------------------------------------- RAID 1 writes all data to two or more drives for 100% redundancy: if either drive fails, no data is lost. Compared to a single drive, RAID 1 tends to be faster on reads, slower on writes. This is a good entry-level redundant configuration. However, since an entire drive is a duplicate, the cost per megabyte is high. This is commonly referred to as mirroring. Minimum number of drives required: 2 Performance: Average Redundancy: High Efficiency: Low Advantages: Fault tolerant Easy to recover data in case of drive failure Easy to implement Disadvantages: Highly inefficient (100% parity overhead) Not scalable (becomes very costly as number of disks increase) ---------------------------------------------------------- RAID 5 stripes data at a block level across several drives, with parity equality distributed among the drives. The parity information allows recovery from the failure of any single drive. Write performance is rather quick, but because parity data must be skipped on each drive during reads, reads are slower. The low ratio of parity to data means low redundancy overhead. Minimum number of drives required: 3 Performance: Average Redundancy: High Efficiency: High Advantages: • Fault tolerant • High efficiency • Best choice in multi-user environments which are not write performance sensitive Disadvantages: • Disk failure has a medium impact on throughput • Complex controller design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ RAID 6 is an upgrade from RAID 5: data is striped at a block level across several drives with double parity distributed among the drives. As in RAID 5, parity information allows recovery from the failure of any single drive. The double parity gives RAID 6 additional redundancy at the cost of lower write performance (read performance is the same), and redundancy overhead remains low. Minimum number of drives required: 4 Performance: Average Redundancy: High Efficiency: High Advantages: Fault tolerant – increased redundancy over RAID 5 High efficiency Remains a great option in multi-user environments which are not write performance sensitive Disadvantages: Write performance penalty over RAID 5 More expensive than RAID 5 Disk failure has a medium impact on throughput Complex controller design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RAID 0+1 is a mirror (RAID 1) array whose segments are striped (RAID 0) arrays. This configuration combines the security of RAID 1 with an extra performance boost from the RAID 0 striping. Minimum number of drives required: 4 Performance: Very High Redundancy: High Efficiency: Low Advantages: Fault tolerant Very high performance Disadvantages: Expensive High Overhead Very limited scalability ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RAID 10 is a striped (RAID 0) array whose segments are mirrored (RAID 1). RAID 10 is a popular configuration for environments where high performance and security are required. In terms of performance it is similar to RAID 0+1. However, it has superior fault tolerance and rebuild performance. Minimum number of drives required: 4 Performance: Very High Redundancy: Very High Efficiency: Low Advantages: Extremely high fault tolerance – cnder certain circumstances, RAID 10 array can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures Very high performance Faster rebuild performance than 0+1 Disadvantages: Very expensive High overhead Limited scalability --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RAID 60 combines RAID 6 double parity and stripes it as in a RAID 0 configuration. Although high in cost and complexity, performance and fault tolerance are superior to RAID 6. Minimum number of drives required: 8 Performance: High Redundancy: High Efficiency: Average Advantages: Higher fault tolerance than RAID 6 Higher performance than RAID 6 Higher efficiency than RAID 6 Disadvantages: Very expensive Very complex / difficult to implement